Application of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lactobacillus pentosus in the Cosmetics Industry Lactobacillus pentosus 이 생산하는 엑소폴리사카라이드의 화장품 산업에서의 응용
김윤석 Youn Seok Kim , 김나연 Na Yeon Kim , 강다연 Da Yeon Kang , 김승진 Seung Jin Kim , 김재영 Jae Young Kim
51(1) 1-9, 2025
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.1
김윤석 Youn Seok Kim , 김나연 Na Yeon Kim , 강다연 Da Yeon Kang , 김승진 Seung Jin Kim , 김재영 Jae Young Kim
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.1
Abstract
This study aimed to propose the exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Lactobacillus pentosus as a cosmetic material with anti-acne efficacy. Strains forming a mucoid colony was selected from raw makgeolli using bromophenol blue and MRS medium, and it was confirmed to be L. pentosus through genetic analysis. The selected strain was cultured under optimal growth conditions and then produced EPS in an environmental stress medium. The HPAEC analysis results showed that EPS was composed of fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and fructose. EPS showed antioxidant efficacy through FRAP of 174.13 ± 64.69 mM at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. LPS-induced NO showed anti-inflammatory efficacy with EPS IC50 349.98 ± 9.79 μg/mL. It showed a 13.2 mm clear zone against Cutibacterium acnes. This study suggests the possibility of utilizing EPS of L. pentosus as a cosmetic material, and can be used as basic data for optimizing fermentation conditions and further research in the future.
Key Words
Lactobacillus pentosus, EPS, exopolysaccharides, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne
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Study on the Antioxidant Effects of Zanthoxylum piperitum Oil as a Cosmetic Ingredient 초피오일의 화장품 소재로서의 항산화 효능 연구
전병배 Byeong Bae Jeon , 신정언 Jung Un Shin , 신동욱 Dong Wook Shin , 조동하 Dong-ha Cho
51(1) 11-21, 2025
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.11
전병배 Byeong Bae Jeon , 신정언 Jung Un Shin , 신동욱 Dong Wook Shin , 조동하 Dong-ha Cho
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.11
Abstract
Zanthoxylum piperitum oil (Z. piperitum oil) is a traditional Korean spice known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but its effects on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) have not been clearly elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Z. piperitum oil on oxidative stress, mitochondrial activity, and the regulation of MAPKs family signaling pathways in HDFs. Interestingly, we found that Z. piperitum oil significantly down-regulated the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and recovered mitochondrial activity in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-damaged HDFs. In addition, Z. piperitum oil inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPKs family proteins activated by TNF-α. Taken together, these findings suggest that Z. piperitum oil could potentially be used as an anti-aging ingredient by regulating oxidative stress and MAPKs family signaling pathways.
Key Words
Zanthoxylum piperitum, antioxidant, anti-aging, reactive oxygen species
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Study on the Melanin Production Inhibition and Anti-aging Effects of Yuzu (Citrus junos) Seed Oil 유자씨 오일의 멜라닌 생성 저해 및 항노화 효과에 관한 연구
이보배 Bo Bae Lee , 박윤하 Yun Ha Bak , 정현주 Hyeon Ju Jeong , 김대선 Dae Seon Kim , 김병삼 Byeong Sam Kim , 남승희 Seung Hee Nam
51(1) 23-34, 2025
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.23
이보배 Bo Bae Lee , 박윤하 Yun Ha Bak , 정현주 Hyeon Ju Jeong , 김대선 Dae Seon Kim , 김병삼 Byeong Sam Kim , 남승희 Seung Hee Nam
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.23
Abstract
In this study, in order to increase the utilization of yuzu (Citrus junos) seeds, which are mostly discarded and not utilized, the physicochemical properties, melanin production inhibition, and anti-aging effects of yuzu seed oil extracted by the cold pressing method. In terms of oxidation stability, which is the most important part of oil, the TBA value decreased by about 30% in the cold air drying yuzu seed sample compared to the naturally dried sample, indicating that the oxidation stability was somewhat higher. The yuzu seed oil mainly consisted of oleic acid and linoleic acid, which are unsaturated fatty acids, and contained about 74%. In order to confirm the whitening effect of the mist containing yuzu seed oil and yuzu seed oil, intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content were tested. As a result, the tyrosinase activity and melanin content tended to decrease as the yuzu seed oil content increased, and in particular, when treated with 0.05% and 0.1% yuzu seed oil, the melanin production was 145.83% and 139.23%, respectively, which was 40% of the melanin inhibitory capacity of the hydroquinone 50 μM treatment group compared to the MSH group. Yuza mist containing yuzu seed oil inhibits MMP-1 production, suggests the possibility of anti-wrinkle functional products that promote procollagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis, and confirms the high possibility of using yuzu seed oil as a skin care component.
Key Words
Citrus junos, oxidation stability, unsaturated fatty acid, whitening, anti-wrinkle
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Development of Cosmetic Materials Using Musa paradisiaca Stems, an Agricultural Byproduct 농업 부산물인 바나나 줄기를 활용한 화장품 소재 개발
김윤석 Youn Seok Kim , 김나연 Na Yeon Kim , 강다연 Da Yeon Kang , 김승진 Seung Jin Kim , 김재영 Jae Young Kim
51(1) 35-45, 2025
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.35
김윤석 Youn Seok Kim , 김나연 Na Yeon Kim , 강다연 Da Yeon Kang , 김승진 Seung Jin Kim , 김재영 Jae Young Kim
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.35
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of banana (Musa paradisiaca) stem extract as a cosmetic ingredient. The extract was obtained using purified water at 60 ℃, resulting in a final concentration of 1.15%. The total polyphenol content was measured at 6.45 ± 0.12 μg/mL, and 13 amino acids were identified. Aanti-oxidant activity was DPPH IC50 2871.73 μg/mL, and 100 mg/mL of the extract was confirmed to be Fe2+ 1.60 ± 0.03 mM in FRAP. Anti-glycation effect (AGEs formation inhibition rate 45.40 ± 0.40%), wrinkle improvement effect (elastase inhibition rate 18.92 ± 2.92%, collagenase inhibition rate 33.00 ± 2.63%), and anti-inflammatory effect (hyaluronidase inhibition rate 57.73 ± 1.98%) were confirmed. A clinical study was conducted on 20 Korean adult women using a formulation containing 2% banana stem extract for two weeks. Significant improvements were observed, including wrinkle reduction, skin tone enhancement, increased moisture content, improved elasticity, and a lifting effect. This study confirmed that banana stem extract possesses various skin physiological activities including antioxidant, whitening, moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and anti-glycation effects, suggesting the potential for utilization of banana agricultural waste as a cosmetic material.
Key Words
Musa paradisiaca, amino acid, anti-oxidant, anti-wrinkle, upcycling
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Evaluation of Antioxidant Effect and Zebrafish Toxicity of Portulaca oleracea Extract Portulaca oleracea 추출물의 항산화 효과와 제브라피쉬 모델에서의 독성 평가
변혜빈 Hye-bin Byeon , 김보애 Bo-ae Kim , 양재찬 Jae-chan Yang
51(1) 47-54, 2025
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.47
변혜빈 Hye-bin Byeon , 김보애 Bo-ae Kim , 양재찬 Jae-chan Yang
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.47
Abstract
This study investigated the antioxidant activity of Portulaca oleracea (P. oleracea) and evaluated its toxicity using zebrafish embryos to assess its potential as a natural cosmetic ingredient. P. oleracea is an annual succulent plant belonging to the family Portulacaceae, commonly found in the neighborhood. The whole plant of P. oleracea was collected from Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, washed, dried, and soaked in ethanol at a 1:6 ratio for approximately six days. The extract was then subjected to vacuum filtration and concentration, followed by mixing with 1,3-butylene glycol to prepare the final solution. The antioxidant activity of the obtained extract was evaluated at concentrations ranging from 0.0625 to 1 mg/mL using DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays. The results confirmed that the antioxidant activity increased as the concentration of P. oleracea extract increased. For toxicity assessment, zebrafish embryos were used to measure coagulation rates, hatching rates, and cardiotoxicity at the same concentration range. After 24 h, coagulation rates remained below 20% at all concentrations except for 1 mg/mL. However, after 72 h, coagulation rates exceeded 20% at concentrations of 0.25 mg/mL or higher. The heart rate of surviving zebrafish embryos was measured at 174.81 bpm in the control group, 188.09 bpm at 0.0625 mg/mL, 187.54 bpm at 0.125 mg/mL, and 185.18 bpm at 0.25 mg/mL. To evaluate the effect of P. oleracea extract on the emulsion, pH and viscosity were measured, and it was found that pH and viscosity decreased as the concentration of P. oleracea extract increased.
Key Words
Portulaca oleracea, antioxidant, zebrafish, embryos, in vivo toxicity
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Comparison of Vitamin C Browning According to the Characteristics of Polyols (Glycerin and Alkanediol) 폴리올(글리세린과 알칸디올)의 특성에 따른 비타민 C 갈변 현상 비교
서재형 Jae Hyeong Seo , 최진우 Jin Woo Choi , 노호식 Ho Sik Rho
51(1) 55-65, 2025
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.55
서재형 Jae Hyeong Seo , 최진우 Jin Woo Choi , 노호식 Ho Sik Rho
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.55
Abstract
Polyols are raw materials used in cosmetics, primarily as moisturizers and skin conditioning agents, and are a common substance used to improve the stability of vitamin C in cosmetics. This is believed to be due to the polyols forming hydrogen bonds with vitamin C, preventing vitamin C from contacting water molecules and oxygen, and various studies have been conducted in this regard. The formation of hydrogen bonds may vary depending on the characteristics of the molecules, such as carbon chain length and hydroxyl group positions, necessitating structural research on these factors. However, most research has focused on glycerin, 1,3-propanediol, and 1,3-butanediol, with no systematic studies examining the discoloration of vitamin C based on the structural properties of polyols. Therefore, this study measured the degree of browning in vitamin C as a function of the Carbon chain length of polyol (C2-C6) and the positions of the hydroxyl groups of polyol. The experimental results showed that as the carbon chain length increased, the browning of vitamin C also intensified, with 1, 2-pentanediol and 1, 2-hexanediol exhibiting greater browning than the control. Furthermore, in terms of hydroxyl group positioning, 1, 2-alkanediols demonstrated higher browning effect compared to 1, n-alkanediols. These results are likely related to water activity (Aw), which indicates the free water activity.
Key Words
polyol, vitamin C, browning, eater activity, 1, 2-alkanediol
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Inhibitory Effect of Sargassum yezoense Extract on Melanin Synthesis 덤불모자반 추출물의 멜라닌 생성 억제 효과
심중현 Joonghyun Shim
51(1) 67-73, 2025
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.67
심중현 Joonghyun Shim
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.67
Abstract
This study was performed to validate the inhibitory effects of Sargassum yezoene (S. yezoense) extract on melanin synthesis by measuring cell viability, tyrosinase activity, gene expressions, and melanogenesis in the B16F10 cell line. The effects of S. yezoense extract on tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), TYRP2, and microphthalmiaassociated transcription factor (MITF) gene expression levels and melanin synthesis were measured. Quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR showed that S. yezoense extract decreased the mRNA expression levels of TYR, TYRP1, TYRP2, and MITF, resulting in reduce melanogenesis compared to α-MSH-treated B16F10 cells. Tyrosinase activity assays reveal that S. yezoense extract decrease melanin synthesis in B16F10 cell line. These results demonstrate the whitening effects of S. yezoense extract on B16F10 cells, providing that S. yezoense extract is a potent raw material for skin whitening. Further research is required on the mechanism of S. yezoense extract on the melanogenesis. Such research will benefit not only the cosmetic, but also the dietary supplements and medical industries.
Key Words
Sargassum yezoense, melanin, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase
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Effect of the Type of Base Used for pH Adjustment on the Discoloration Stability of Vitamin C pH 조절을 위해 사용된 염기(베이스) 종류가 비타민 C 의 변색 안정도에 미치는 영향
이민기 Min Ki Lee , 노호식 Ho Sik Rho
51(1) 75-84, 2025
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.75
이민기 Min Ki Lee , 노호식 Ho Sik Rho
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.75
Abstract
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) is highly susceptible to structural modification and oxidation when exposed to heat, light, and air. When vitamin C oxidizes, discoloration occurs due to the generated oxidized substances. Typically, the stability of vitamin C is assessed by measuring its content, but actual consumers are much more sensitive to discoloration and often evaluate the quality of vitamin C products based on color. Therefore, preventing the discoloration of vitamin C is crucial. When using high levels of vitamin C in cosmetics, it has a low pH (below 3), so a base must be used to maintain a pH of 3.0 or higher, which is the standard for cosmetic care. However, the discoloration of vitamin C is highly affected by pH. In this study, we examined the effect of different bases on the discoloration stability of vitamin C. By comparing the discoloration of each sample prepared, it was found that the sample with vitamin C alone discolored faster than the sample with the base added to raise the pH above 3.0. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the sample using a strong base, sodium hydroxide, had a lower OD value compared to other bases. Consequently, additional discoloration tests were conducted on samples adjusted to pH levels of 3, 4, and 5 using vitamin C and sodium hydroxide. It is generally accepted that higher pH decreases the stability of vitamin C, but the opposite result was obtained. This is expected because the metal salts and organic amines used as bases form chelates with vitamin C, inhibiting the oxidation process.
Key Words
vitamin C, base, pH, browning
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D-limonene Enhances Melanogenesis via the MAPK/Akt Signaling Pathway: Mechanisms and Implications MAPK/Akt 신호 경로를 통한 D-리모넨의 멜라닌 생성 촉진: 메커니즘 및 시사점
김찬용 Chan Yong Kim , 김용욱 Yong Wook Kim , 조해여 Hai Ru Zhao , 황재성 Jae Sung Hwang
51(1) 85-93, 2025
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.85
김찬용 Chan Yong Kim , 김용욱 Yong Wook Kim , 조해여 Hai Ru Zhao , 황재성 Jae Sung Hwang
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.85
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the process of melanin synthesis through the enzymatic reactions of tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase-related proteins (TYRP-1, TYRP-2). The synthesized melanin is then transferred to keratinocytes via melanosomes. In this process, the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) plays a key role in promoting melanin production by regulating the expression of TYR, TYRP-1, and TYRP-2. D-limonene has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties in various studies. Previous research has indicated that the essential oils of Alpinia nantoensis, which contain 2.5% D-limonene, inhibit forskolin-induced melanogenesis. In the present study, we showed that treatment with 50 μM D-limonene resulted in a greater than 20% increase in melanin content in melanocytes. Notably, the concentration of D-limonene exhibited a dose-dependent effect on the upregulation of melanogenesis-related genes, including MITF, TYR, TRP1, and TRP2. Furthermore, we demonstrated that D-limonene activates the MAPK/Akt/CREB signaling pathway, as evidenced by the enhanced phosphorylation of p38, JNK, Akt and CREB.
Key Words
D-limonene, melanogenesis, CREB, MAPK, Akt
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Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Enzyme-Treated Camellia japonica Seed Extracts and Fractions 효소처리동백종자 추출물 및 분획물의 항산화 및 항염 효과 연구
방은혜 Eunhye Bang , 이슬 Seul Lee , 이찬우 Chanwoo Lee , 박준성 Junseong Park
51(1) 95-105, 2025
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.95
방은혜 Eunhye Bang , 이슬 Seul Lee , 이찬우 Chanwoo Lee , 박준성 Junseong Park
DOI:10.15230/SCSK.2025.51.1.95
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Camellia japonica seed cake as a functional cosmetic ingredient with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging activities through biotransformation processing. The defatted seed cake was extracted with 70% ethanol, followed by enzymatic treatment using the glycosidase enzyme Viscozyme L to induce biotransformation. The extract was then fractionated using ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous solvents. Among these, the ethyl acetate fraction (CJEF) exhibited the most potent biological activities, including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production induced by LPS, and suppression of UVB-induced MMP-1 expression. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of a new peak in the CJEF fraction, which was not observed in the untreated extract. Structural elucidation using ¹H-NMR spectroscopy identified the compound as robigenin (3,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), a flavonoid newly formed during enzymatic biotransformation. Robigenin demonstrated multifunctional biological effects, suggesting it is the principal active compound responsible for the observed bioactivities in CJEF. These findings indicate that biotransformation technology can effectively convert underutilized plant by-products such as C. japonica seed cake into high-value bioactive ingredients, supporting the potential of enzyme-treated CJEF as a promising source for functional cosmetic formulations.
Key Words
Camellia japonica seed, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, robigenin
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